Track and hold circuits for high speed and interleaved adcs

ABSTRACT

Improved track and hold (T/H) circuits can help analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) achieve higher performance and lower power consumption. The improved T/H circuits can drive high speed and interleaved ADCs, and the design of the circuits enable additive and multiplicative pseudo-random dither signals to be injected in the T/H circuits. The dither signals can be used to calibrate (e.g., linearize) the T/H circuits and the ADC(s). In addition, the dither signal can be used to dither any remaining non-linearity, and to calibrate offset/gain mismatches in interleaved ADCs. The T/H circuit design also can integrate an amplifier in the T/H circuit, which can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ADC or to act as a variable gain amplifier (VGA) in front of the ADC.

PRIORITY APPLICATION

This patent application claims priority to and receives benefit from U.S. Provisional Application, Ser. No. 62/578,110, titled “TRACK AND HOLD CIRCUITS FOR HIGH SPEED AND INTERLEAVED ADCS”, filed on Oct. 27, 2017. This patent application further claims priority to, and is a continuation-in-part of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/119,186, titled “TRACK AND HOLD CIRCUITS FOR HIGH SPEED AND INTERLEAVED ADCS”, filed on Aug. 31, 2018. The above-noted applications are hereby incorporated in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to the field of integrated circuits, in particular to track and hold circuits for analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).

BACKGROUND

In many electronics applications, an ADC converts an analog input signal to a digital output signal, e.g., for further digital signal processing or storage by digital electronics. Broadly speaking, ADCs can translate analog electrical signals representing real-world phenomenon, e.g., light, sound, temperature, electromagnetic waves, or pressure for data processing purposes. For instance, in measurement systems, a sensor makes measurements and generates an analog signal. The analog signal would then be provided to an ADC as input to generate a digital output signal for further processing. In another instance, a transmitter generates an analog signal using electromagnetic waves to carry information in the air or a transmitter transmits an analog signal to carry information over a cable. The analog signal is then provided as input to an ADC at a receiver to generate a digital output signal, e.g., for further processing by digital electronics.

Due to their wide applicability in many applications, ADCs can be found in places such as broadband communication systems, audio systems, transmitter systems, receiver systems, etc. Designing circuitry in ADC is a non-trivial task because each application may have different needs in performance, power, cost, and size. ADCs are used in a broad range of applications including Communications, Energy, Healthcare, Instrumentation and Measurement, Motor and Power Control, Industrial Automation and Aerospace/Defense. As the applications needing ADCs grow, the need for fast yet accurate conversion also grows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To provide a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, features and advantages thereof, reference is made to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying figures, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a track and hold circuit driving M ADCs of a time-interleaved ADC, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit having two buffers and a switched-capacitor network in between, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit having a buffer, a switched-capacitor network, and an amplifier, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit illustrating one exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit illustrating another exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit illustrating yet another exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 7 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple hold buffers, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 8A shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple sampling networks, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 8B illustrates timing for the track and hold circuit of FIG. 8A, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 9 shows another exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple sampling networks, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 10 shows yet another exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple sampling networks, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple time-interleaved sampling networks and a single hold buffer, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 12 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple time-interleaved sampling networks and multiple hold buffers, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 13A shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with chopping to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 13B illustrates integrating the chopper with a switch in the sampling network, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 14 shows another exemplary track and hold circuit with chopping to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary track and hold circuit with multiple sampling networks with chopping added to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 16 shows another exemplary track and hold circuit with chopping to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 17A show an exemplary track and hold circuit driving 8 slices, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 17B show a timing diagram for controlling two serial switches in the circuit illustrated by FIG. 17A, according to some embodiments of the disclosure; and

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method for sampling an input signal with calibration, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 19 depicts a high-level example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 20 depicts a more detailed example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 21 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 22 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 23 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 24 depicts an example timing diagram of a full-speed track and hold circuit, according to some embodiments of the disclosure;

FIG. 25 depicts an example timing diagram of two half-speed track and hold circuits, according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Overview

Improved track and hold (T/H) circuits can help ADCs achieve higher performance and lower power consumption. The improved T/H circuits can drive high speed and interleaved ADCs, and the design of the circuits enable additive and multiplicative pseudo-random dither signals to be injected in the T/H circuits. The dither signals can be used to calibrate (e.g., linearize) the T/H circuits and the ADC(s). In addition, the dither signal can be used to dither any remaining non-linearity, and to calibrate offset/gain mismatches in interleaved ADCs. The T/H circuit design also can integrate an amplifier in the T/H circuit, which can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the ADC or to act as a variable gain amplifier (VGA) in front of the ADC.

High Speed ADCs

ADCs are electronic devices that convert a continuous physical quantity carried by an analog signal to a digital output or number that represents the quantity's amplitude (or to a digital signal carrying that digital number). An ADC can be defined by the following application requirements: its speed (number of samples per second), its power consumption, its bandwidth (the range of frequencies of analog signals it can properly convert to a digital signal) and its resolution (the number of discrete levels the maximum analog signal can be divided into and represented in the digital signal). An ADC also has various specifications for quantifying ADC dynamic performance, including signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SINAD), effective number of bits (ENOB), SNR, total harmonic distortion (THD), total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N), and spurious free dynamic range (SFDR). ADCs have many different designs, which can be chosen based on the application requirements and specifications.

To achieve higher speeds, interleaving is used to increase the sample rate of ADCs. A time-interleaved ADC can use M ADCs to sample an analog input signal to produce digital outputs. The M ADCs (referred herein as the M slices or M channels), operating in a time-interleaved fashion, can increase the sampling speed several times compared to the sampling speed of just one ADC. The M ADCs can be used in parallel, where the M ADCs can operate to sample an analog input one after another in a time-interleaved fashion. Using appropriate clocking to control the ADCs can greatly increase the effective combined ADC sampling rate. In some cases, the M ADCs are selected sequentially one after another to sample the input signal. In some other cases, the M ADCs can be selected in a pseudo-randomized fashion. Since not all M ADCs are exactly matched or the same, discrete tones (or spurs) would be present if the selection was sequential, e.g., where the M ADCs are used according to a fixed sequence. Pseudo-randomization can help spread the discrete mismatch error tones into the noise floor of the spectrum of the ADC output.

High speed ADCs, typically running at speeds on the order of giga-samples per second, are particularly important in fields such as communications and instrumentation. The input signal can have a frequency in the giga-hertz range, and the ADC may need to sample in the range of giga-samples per second. High frequency input signals can impose many requirements on the circuits receiving the input signal, i.e., the “front end” circuitry of the ADC. The circuit not only has to be fast, for some applications, the circuit needs to meet certain performance requirements, such as SNR and SFDR. Designing an ADC that meets speed, performance, area, and power requirements is not trivial, since faster speeds and higher performance often come at the cost of area and power.

High Speed Track and Hold (T/H) Circuits

Track and hold (T/H) circuits can be an important part of the input circuitry for ADCs. T/H circuits convert the continuous-time input signal into a discrete-time held signal for the ADC(s) which follow the T/H circuits. The ADC(s) can perform conversion based on the discrete-time held signal provided by the T/H circuit. For interleaved ADCs with M ADCs, separate T/H circuits can be provided for each one of the M ADCs, where the individual T/H circuits can run at the (slower) speed of the M ADCs. Running them at the speed of the M ADCs can make the T/H circuits simpler to design. However, distributing the T/H circuits to the M channels means there can be timing and/or bandwidth mismatch between the M channels, since the T/H circuits may not be exactly the same for the M channels. Timing and bandwidth mismatches can be very difficult to measure and address, especially at high speeds.

A different approach is to use a single or dedicated T/H circuit for multiple time-interleaved ADCs so as to avoid timing and/or bandwidth mismatches between the channels. FIG. 1 shows a track and hold circuit driving M ADCs of a time-interleaved ADC, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. FIG. 1 shows a T/H circuit 104 driving M ADCs operating in a time-interleaved fashion, shown as Slice 102 ₁, Slice 102 ₂, . . . Slice 102 _(M) of a time-interleaved ADC, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. In this example, the T/H can operate at sample rate f_(s) (or the full-speed of the time-interleaved ADC), while each slice can operate operating at a slower rate, such as f_(s)/M. The output of the T/H circuit 104 is a held signal, and each slice is driven by the same held signal. Therefore, the effect of timing and bandwidth (BW) mismatches between the slices can be eliminated.

A fast T/H circuit can be non-trivial to design. High speed T/H circuits can, in some cases, suffer from very high power consumption, high noise, and low performance. The choice to use a faster T/H circuit to drive multiple ADC slices is a deliberate decision between what to optimize in the analog circuit and what to fix with calibration. Since timing and/or bandwidth mismatch is difficult to address, the T/H circuit and the rest of the ADC can be designed to avoid timing and/or bandwidth mismatch problems. Gain and offset mismatches can be more compatible with calibration. Various T/H circuits described herein were designed to facilitate digital calibration of gain and offset mismatches while avoid timing and bandwidth mismatch problems through deliberate analog circuit design.

Herein, the implementations of the T/H circuits are illustrated in single-ended form. In practice, the T/H circuits can be implemented differentially to suppress possible even-order harmonics.

Improved Track and Hold Circuits Allowing Dither Injection

Because a full-speed T/H circuit can be complex and power hungry, certain design decisions were made to ensure the T/H circuit can achieve target performance while not consuming too much power. One way to achieve better performance out of a circuit is to use calibration to linearize the T/H circuit. To allow for calibration, the T/H circuit is designed to incorporate the injection of additive and multiplicative dither into the T/H circuit to enable the calibration of the circuitry downstream from where the dither is injected.

For instance, the calibration of the circuitry can include extracting and calibrating for the non-idealities in the T/H circuit based on the additive dither and/or multiplicative dither. Furthermore, calibration can include extracting and calibrating the offset and gain mismatches between the slices. For instance, adding pseudo-random signal (dither) to the input signal enables the calibration of gain mismatch in time-interleaved ADCs. In addition, the dither can be used to calibrate the T/H circuit non-linearity and ADC non-linearity. Advantageously, additive dither in the T/H circuit can:

-   -   Enable non-linear calibration of the T/H circuit's hold phase         non-linearity:         -   Lower power in T/H circuit,         -   Better second harmonic (HD2) and third harmonic (HD3)             performance, and         -   Simpler switches=>lower power in clocking,     -   Enable non-linear calibration of the ADC slices' non-linearity:         -   Lower power in the ADC slices (e.g., reference buffer,             amplifiers, etc.),         -   Lower power in the clocking and switching, and         -   Better HD2, HD3 performance in the ADC slices',     -   Enable interleaving gain mismatch calibration in the ADC slices:         -   Insensitive to the presence of input signal,         -   Insensitive to the input signal frequency,         -   More robust calibration, and     -   Dither the hold phase spurs.

Furthermore, multiplicative dither (e.g., random chopping) can be used to calibrate offsets and offset mismatches. Advantageously, multiplicative dither in the T/H circuit can:

-   -   Enable robust calibration of offset mismatch between the ADC         slices:         -   Independent of the input signal, and         -   Insensitive to “bad” frequencies (e.g., f_(s)/M, M is the             number of ADC slices),     -   Protect the direct current (DC) input from being zeroed out,     -   Dither any remaining offsets, flicker noise, offset mismatch,         thermal drifts, etc., and     -   Obviate the need for core randomization for offset mismatch.

The additive dither can be injected to correct for one or more of the following: calibration of non-linearity, calibration of memory effects, calibration of chopping non-idealities, calibration of gain error, calibration of gain mismatch in interleaved ADCs, and calibration of track/sampling memory. The multiplicative dither can be used for one or more of the following: correct for offset mismatch and correct for even-order distortion.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 200 having two buffers, Buffer-1 202, and Buffer-2 206 and a switched-capacitor network 204 in between the two buffers, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Dither can be injected in the switched-capacitor network 204, and the dither can be used to calibrate the Buffer-2 206 and the ADC following the T/H circuit 200. As mentioned before, the dither can be an additive dither or a multiplicative dither. The Buffer-1 202 receives the (voltage) input V_(in), and buffers the input. The buffered input can be sampled on the switched-capacitor network 204. For instance, the switched-capacitor network 204 can sample the buffered input onto capacitor using suitable switches. The buffer-206 can buffer the sampled input and provided the held signal V_(s-h) to an ADC (not shown in FIG. 2).

The T/H circuit 200 can be seen as an open loop T/H circuit. The switched-capacitor network 204 can be a sampling network. Buffer-1 202 can be a sampling buffer, and Buffer-2 206 can be a hold buffer. The buffers are optional, and can be included to provide isolation between different circuit stages. The buffers can be source followers, emitter followers, push pull topology, or any other suitable buffer structure. Buffer-1 202 can be optimized for sampling linearity. Buffer-2 206 can be optimized for low-power, small size, small input capacitance, and good isolation. Isolation for Buffer-2 206 can help reduce input-referred noise of the ADC which follows the T/H circuit 200. The linearity of Buffer-2 206 is not as critical as the linearity of Buffer-1 202 because Buffer-2 206 handles and buffers a held signal. In addition, since dither is injected in the switched-capacitor network 204, the non-linearity of the Buffer-2 206 can be calibrated, which helps further lower the power and size of Buffer-2 206. In addition, the gain and offset mismatches between the ADC slices driven by the T/H circuit can be calibrated by injecting a dither in the switched-capacitor network 204. Different gains of the ADC slices can be measured easily with a dither injected in the shared T/H circuit 200 driving the ADC slices.

One insight of the three-part circuit design of the T/H circuit comes from realizing how to reduce the power consumption of a T/H circuit that has to drive M ADC slices. In the past, an input buffer has to drive M ADC slices, and an input buffer has to be very linear and is likely to consume a lot of power. With the three-part circuit design seen in FIG. 2, the sampling buffer (Buffer-1 202) only needs to drive one sampling network (or, in some cases, 2 to 4 sampling networks depending on the implementation). The (capacitive) load on the sampling buffer can be smaller, and therefore the sampling buffer can consume less power while achieving comparable or better performance, even if the sampling buffer has sample a radio frequency (RF) or high frequency signal. The hold buffer (Buffer-2 206) is driving a held signal, and any problems with the hold buffer can be more benign. The primary requirement for the hold buffer is how well the output of the hold buffer settles. Also, the hold buffer has no input frequency sensitivity. Even though the hold buffer may have to drive M ADC slices, the linearity of the hold buffer is not extremely critical since the hold buffer can be calibrated with the dither being injected in the sampling network. Therefore, power savings can still be achieved.

Track and Hold Circuit with Amplification

Typically for high speed ADCs, amplification is not available in the input circuitry because open loop amplification can be very non-linear. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 300 having a buffer 302, a switched-capacitor network 204, and an amplifier 304, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Comparing the T/H circuit 300 with the T/H circuit 200 of FIG. 2, buffer 302 can be similar to Buffer-1 202, but Buffer-2 206 is replaced by amplifier 304. Since the amplifier 304 can be an open loop amplifier, amplifier 304 is likely to suffer from poor linearity. By virtue of having dither injection in the switched-capacitor network 204, the amplifier 304 can be calibrated and any possible non-linearities associated with the amplifier 304 can be addressed. The ability to provide amplification in the T/H circuit 300 is advantageous since it greatly relaxes the requirements on the input signal being provided to the T/H circuit 300. Besides, the amplifier 304 can, just like the Buffer-2 206 of FIG. 2, reduce input-referred noise of the ADC which follows the T/H circuit 300.

Besides providing amplification, the amplifier 304 can be a VGA or provide variable gain. The gain can be varied based on one or more conditions and/or set by one or more specified parameters. A gain control signal “GAIN” can be used to vary the gain provided by amplifier 304. In some embodiments, a signal level detector 306 can be implemented to generate the gain control signal “GAIN” to control the amplifier 304 based on signal level conditions. For instance, if the signal level detector 306 detects an overload condition (e.g., a very large input signal V_(in)), the signal level detector 306 can generate an appropriate gain control signal “GAIN” to reduce the gain of the amplifier 304.

Although not shown as an amplifier, buffer 302 can be implemented as an amplifier in some cases. The amplifier in place of buffer 302 can be a variable gain amplifier (e.g., controllable by signal level detector 306). Depending on the implementation, the amplifier is an open loop amplifier, or a closed loop amplifier. A closed loop amplifier may be preferred since they can be more accurate than an open loop amplifier. In some cases, buffer 302 can be preceded by a separate amplifier (open loop or closed loop). Amplification at the sampling side can also relax the requirements on the input signal being provided to the T/H circuit 300.

It is understood that the various embodiments shown herein with a hold buffer such as “Buffer-2” can be replaced with an amplifier 304 as illustrated by FIG. 3.

Sampling Network with Dither Injection

Dither can be injected into a node of the switched-capacitor network of the T/H circuit through different circuit topologies described herein. A dither is a random signal. A dither can have different levels. In one example, a dither can be generated by a digital-to-analog converter receiving a digital input (the dither in digital form) and generating an analog output (the dither in analog form). The analog output from the digital-to-analog converter can be injected into the switched-capacitor network of a T/H circuit. In some cases, a dither can randomly change between positive or negative (e.g., randomly changing between +1, and −1, or +V or −V where V is a nominal value). The type of dither being injected can differ depending on the desired calibration to be performed or effect to be achieved.

FIG. 4 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 400 illustrating one exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Dither is injected in the switched-capacitor network at node V_(R) and can be used to calibrate Buffer-2 206 and the ADC following the T/H circuit 400. The switched-capacitor network has capacitor C 402 for sampling the input, an input switch 404 for receiving the (buffered) input from Buffer-1 202, a sampling switch 406, and a dither injection switch 408. In the FIGURES, various phase ϕ symbols adjacent to the switches indicate a phase or timing indicating when a given switch is closed. Top and bottom plates of capacitor C is indicated as “t” and “b” respectively.

During sampling phase, the input switch 404 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 406 having phase ϕ1 a are closed. The input switch 404 can be a bootstrapped switch (i.e., bootstrapped to the buffered input) to achieve good linearity. The sampling switch having ϕ1 a 406 is advanced (opens before the input switch 404 is opened) to achieve bottom plate sampling. The dither injection switch 408 having phase ϕ2 is opened during the sampling phase. At the end of the sampling phase, the input signal is sampled onto capacitor C 402.

During a hold phase, both the input switch 404 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 406 having phase ϕ1 a are opened. Dither injection switch 408 having phase ϕ2 closes to connect the top plate of the capacitor C 402 to the node V_(R). Accordingly, additive dither can be injected in the switched-capacitor network. The T/H circuit 400 holds the sampled voltage (the sampled input signal), plus the additive dither injected, at the output as V_(s-h). In this embodiment, the output bias point of Buffer-1 202 does not need to be compatible with the input bias point of Buffer-2 206. The output V_(s-h) in FIG. 4 is an inverted version of the input V_(in) plus the additive dither injected at node V_(R).

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 500 illustrating another exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Similar to FIG. 4, additive dither is injected in the switched-capacitor network and can be used to calibrate Buffer-2 206 and the ADC following the T/H circuit 500. The switched-capacitor network has capacitor C 502 for sampling the input, an input switch 504 for receiving the (buffered) input from Buffer-1 202, a sampling switch 510, a dither injection switch 508, and an output switch 506.

During sampling phase, the input switch 504 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 510 having phase ϕ1 a are closed. The input switch 504 can be a bootstrapped switch (i.e., bootstrapped to the buffered input) to achieve good linearity. The sampling switch 510 having ϕ1 a is advanced (opens before the input switch 504 is opened) to achieve bottom plate sampling. The dither injection switch 508 having phase ϕ2 and the output switch 506 having phase ϕ1_btst are opened during the sampling phase. At the end of the sampling phase, the input signal is sampled onto capacitor C 502.

During a hold phase, both the input switch 504 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 510 having phase ϕ1 a are opened. Dither injection switch 508 having phase ϕ2 closes to connect the bottom plate of the capacitor C 502 to the node V_(R). Accordingly, additive dither can be injected in the switched-capacitor network. Output switch 506 having phase ϕ2_btst also closes to connect the capacitor C 502 to the Buffer-2 206. The output switch 506 can optionally be a bootstrapped switch to achieve good linearity. The T/H circuit 500 holds the sampled voltage (the sampled input signal), plus the additive dither injected, at the output as V_(s-h). In this embodiment, the output bias point of Buffer-1 202 is preferably compatible with the input bias point of Buffer-2 206. The output V_(s-h) is a non-inverted version of the input V_(in) plus the additive dither injected at node V_(R).

Compared to the T/H circuit 400 in FIG. 4, the T/H circuit 500 can have two bootstrapped switches, which can be more complicated and expensive. However, having the two bootstrapped switches can provide better isolation, and can enable using more than one sampling network (e.g., more than one switched-cap network sampling in an interleaved fashion) with the same Buffer-2 206, if needed, to achieve higher speeds.

Output switch 506 does not have to be bootstrapped, since the dither being injected can be used to calibrate output switch 506. If indeed the output switch 506 is bootstrapped, then calibration may not be needed since the output switch 506 is linear enough. If the output switch 506 is not bootstrapped (e.g., just boosted), then calibration can be used to address non-linearities of the output switch 506.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 600 illustrating yet another exemplary switched-capacitor network with sampling and dither injection, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Dither is injected in the switched-capacitor network and can be used to calibrate Buffer-2 206 and the ADC following the T/H circuit 600. The switched-capacitor network has capacitor C 602 for sampling the input, an input switch 604 for receiving the (buffered) input from Buffer-1 202, a sampling switch 606, a dither injection switch 608, and an output switch 610. The T/H circuit 600 can be seen as a mix of the T/H circuit 400 of FIG. 4 and T/H circuit 500 of FIG. 5. The sampling is done in a manner similar to FIG. 4, but an additional switch (i.e., the output switch 610) is present in series with the capacitor C 602 to connect the capacitor C 602 during the hold phase and isolate the switched-capacitor network from the Buffer-2 206.

During sampling phase, the input switch 604 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 606 having phase ϕ1 a are closed. The input switch 604 can be a bootstrapped switch to achieve good linearity. The sampling switch having ϕ1 a 606 is advanced (opens before the input switch 604 is opened) to achieve bottom plate sampling. The dither injection switch 608 having phase ϕ2 and the output switch having phase ϕ2 are opened during the sampling phase. At the end of the sampling phase, the input signal is sampled onto capacitor C 602.

During a hold phase, both the input switch 604 having phase ϕ1_btst and the sampling switch 606 having phase ϕ1 a are opened. Dither injection switch 608 having phase ϕ2 closes to connect the top plate of the capacitor C 602 to the node V_(R). Accordingly, additive dither can be injected in the switched-capacitor network. Output switch 610 having phase ϕ2 also closes to connect the capacitor C 502 to the Buffer-2 206. In some cases, the output switch 610 can be a bootstrapped switch to achieve good linearity. In some cases, the output switch is not bootstrapped. Bootstrapping the output switch 610 is less critical in this case since the output switch 610 can be calibrated using the additive dither being injected. The T/H circuit 600 holds the sampled voltage (the sampled input signal), plus the additive dither injected, at the output as V_(s-h). In this embodiment, the output bias point of Buffer-1 202 does not need to be compatible with the input bias point of Buffer-2 206. The output V_(s-h) is an inverted version of the input V_(in) plus the additive dither injected at node V_(R).

Track and Hold Circuits with Multiple Hold Buffers

The T/H circuit can be adapted to drive multiple ADCs. For instance, instead of having a single hold buffer (i.e., Buffer-2 206 of the various FIGURES) driving multiple ADCs, the T/H circuit can duplicate the hold buffer, and the hold buffers can then drive respective ADCs. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 700 with multiple hold buffers, shown as Buffer-2 702 ₁, Buffer-2 702 ₂, . . . Buffer-2 702 _(M), according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Similar to other T/H circuits described herein, the T/H circuit 700 has a sampling buffer Buffer-1 202 and a switched-capacitor network 204. Rather than having just one hold buffer, M hold buffers can be implemented in T/H circuit 700 to drive M ADCs. Each one of the hold buffers can generate a respective output signal V_(s-h1), V_(s-h2), . . . V_(s-hM), and drive a respective ADC. Since the hold buffer no longer has to drive multiple ADCs, the Buffer-2 702 ₁, Buffer-2 702 ₂, . . . Buffer-2 702 _(M) can be smaller in size than a single hold buffer driving multiple ADCs. In other words, not having to drive multiple ADCs using a single hold buffer can relax the requirements on the hold buffer. Moreover, the hold buffer can be calibrated using the dither being injected into the sampling network. So, the requirements on the hold buffer may be relaxed further due to calibration. Furthermore, having multiple hold buffers can help the T/H circuit 700 have better isolation between the different slices.

In an alternative implementation, the T/H circuit 700 can be adapted to duplicate the sampling network as well. A sampling network per hold buffer can be implemented. For instance, such adapted T/H circuit driving M ADCs can include a sampling buffer, M switched-capacitor networks, and M hold buffers.

Track and Hold Circuits with Time-Interleaved Sampling Networks

If it is difficult to implement a full-speed sampling network to sample the input signal, the T/H circuit can be adapted to implement time-interleaving. Rather than having a single switched-capacitor network to sample the input signal, multiple sampling networks can be implemented in the T/H circuit and interleaved in time. FIG. 8A shows an exemplary T/H circuit 800 with multiple sampling networks, shown as sampling network 802 and sampling network 804, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The T/H circuit 800 has a Buffer-1 202, sampling network 802 and sampling network 804, and a Buffer-2 206. The sampling network 802 and sampling network 804 as shown has the circuit topology illustrated in FIG. 5, however, other circuit topologies for the sampling networks 802 and 804 (e.g., one shown in FIG. 6) can be used. The circuit topology of the sampling network illustrated in FIG. 4 without the output switch can also be used, but the T/H circuit may need to duplicate hold buffers as well. The circuit topologies of the sampling network in FIGS. 5 and 6 having the output switch may obviate the need to have multiple hold buffers.

In this example, the sampling network 802 and the sampling network 804 can ping-pong with each other, sampling the (buffered) input signal one after another in a time-interleaved manner. FIG. 8B illustrates timing for the T/H circuit 800 of FIG. 8A, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Clock (plot 880) illustrates the full-speed clock at frequency f_(s), having a period T_(s). As seen in the timing diagram, an interleaved sampling network (e.g., sampling network 802 and sampling network 804) can run at a frequency of f_(s)/2. T/H−1 (plot 882) illustrates the phases of sampling network 802; T/H−2 (plot 884) illustrates the phases of sampling network 804. During the first period of the full-speed clock, the sampling network 802 is in a sampling phase, and the sampling network 804 is in a hold phase. Switches associated with ϕ1 (e.g., ϕ1_btst and ϕ1 a) in FIG. 8A can be closed accordingly for both sampling networks. Switches associated with ϕ2 (e.g., ϕ2_btst and ϕ2 a) in FIG. 8A can be open accordingly for both sampling networks. During the second period, the sampling network 802 proceeds to a hold phase, and the sampling network 804 goes to a sampling phase. Switches associated with ϕ2 (e.g., ϕ2_btst and ϕ2 a) in FIG. 8A can be closed accordingly for both sampling networks. Switches associated with ϕ1 (e.g., ϕ1_btst and ϕ1 a) in FIG. 8A can be open accordingly for both sampling networks. During the third period, the sampling network 802 returns to a sampling phase, and the sampling network 804 proceeds to a hold phase. Switches associated with ϕ1 (e.g., ϕ1_btst and ϕ1 a) in FIG. 8A can be closed accordingly for both sampling networks. Switches associated with ϕ2 (e.g., ϕ2_btst and ϕ2 a) in FIG. 8A can be open accordingly for both sampling networks. The ping-pong behavior can repeat over time (e.g., over many periods).

With time-interleaved sampling networks, the speed of a single sampling network can be significantly reduced. For instance, sampling network 802 and sampling network 804 would only need to sample the input at half the full-speed of the T/H circuit 800. While two sampling networks are shown, it is appreciated that more than two sampling networks can be time-interleaved or included in the T/H circuit, depending on the desired order of interleaving for the application.

While FIG. 8A illustrates a single hold buffer, it is possible to have a dedicated hold buffer per sampling network. In such a case, if the M ADC slices are operating in a sequential time-interleaved manner, each buffer can drive just M/2 ADC slices.

With time-interleaved sampling networks, the T/H circuit can be exposed to mismatches between the sampling networks. For instance, mismatches between the switches enabling bottom plate sampling can contribute to sampling performance degradation if they are not addressed. Specifically, those mismatches can create undesirable spurs in the output. Unfortunately, the dither cannot help with calibrating such mismatches. To address such mismatches, an additional sampling network can be added to enable randomization. FIG. 9 shows another exemplary T/H circuit 900 with multiple sampling networks, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Three sampling networks are shown, and it is appreciated that other higher number of sampling networks can be implemented. For this example, at any given period, two sampling networks may be available for sampling the input. One of the two sampling networks can be selected to sample the input at random. Randomizing the sampling network selection (e.g., where the sampling networks sample the buffered input in a randomized time-interleaved manner) can randomize the mismatches between the sampling networks, and push the tones from the mismatches towards the noise floor.

In general, randomization can be enabled by adding one or more additional sampling networks than the minimum number of sampling networks desired for achieving the desired sampling rate. Suppose two sampling networks is needed to achieve the desired sampling rate, adding one (or more) sampling networks can allow for randomization.

In some embodiments, adding more sampling networks can enable higher order time-interleaving, or more functions. For instance, more randomization can be introduced by providing more sampling networks, making more sampling networks available for selection at a given period.

In some cases, a fourth or further sampling network can be added to enable the resetting of each network after its hold phase and before being ready for the next sampling phase. In other words, a sampling network proceeds to a reset phase after the hold phase to allow the circuits to clear (a sampling network may need three periods rather than just two periods before it can sample the input again). By adding an additional sampling network, more time is allowed for resetting the sampling capacitor(s). Effectively, the sampling capacitor(s) within a sampling network that just finished its hold phase can be reset fully to reset any memory in the sampling capacitor(s). The memory can be present on sampling capacitor(s) when switching between the hold phase back to the sampling phase, if additional reset time/phase is not provided for the sampling capacitor(s). If an additional sampling network is provided to allow for resetting, at a given point in time, two sampling networks are busy, one sampling network can be ready to be used or selected at the next period, and one sampling network can be in the reset phase so that it can be used or selected at the next period after the sampling network is reset.

FIG. 10 shows yet another exemplary T/H circuit 1000 with multiple sampling networks, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. As seen in FIG. 10, an additional (fourth) sampling network is provided to ensure there is at least two available sampling networks to select from at a given period to be the next sampling network to sample the input. Having an additional sampling network allows a given sampling network to take an additional period to reset before the given sampling network has to sample the input again. Providing the additional reset phase can help to get reduce or address the memory effects and/or order-dependent effects that can be detrimental to the performance of the T/H circuit, especially when randomization is employed.

In some cases, the time-interleaving sampling networks of a T/H circuit can be configured to operate in different modes of operation. For instance, the clocking of the switches in the sampling networks can be controlled differently depending on the specified mode. The sampling networks can operate in a sequential mode or a randomized mode. The sampling network can operate in a mode that requires a reset phase or in a mode that does not require a reset phase. The desired mode can be specified by one or more user-provided signals, or one or more signals from circuitry suitable for setting the mode.

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 1100 with multiple time-interleaved sampling networks (seen as sampling networks 1102, 1104, and 1106) and a single hold buffer, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. As an example, implementation for three sampling networks of FIG. 9 is shown, based on the circuit topology of the sampling network seen in FIG. 5. It is appreciated that the circuit topology of the sampling network seen in FIG. 6 can also be used as the sampling networks of T/H circuit 1100. To use a single hold buffer, it is preferable for each sampling network to include an output switch. In this case, the output switch in the sampling networks (labeled as S2 switches with respective phases ϕ1_bst, ϕ2_bst, and ϕ12_bst in FIG. 11) does not have to be a bootstrapped switch. Rather, it can be a simpler boosted switch instead (e.g., a transmission gate). The output switches can be calibrated using the dither injected in the sampling network, and therefore the design requirements on the analog circuit of the output switches can be relaxed. For this particular example shown, the sampling networks sample the buffered input from Buffer-1 202 in a randomized time-interleaved manner. In other words, one out of two available sampling networks can be randomly selected to be the next sampling network to sample the input to randomize mismatch errors between the sampling networks. The circuit design shown in FIG. 11 can be extended to higher number of sampling networks.

In some embodiments, rather than having a single hold buffer as seen in FIGS. 9-11, multiple hold buffers can be included in the T/H circuit with time-interleaved sampling networks. FIG. 12 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 1200 with multiple time-interleaved sampling networks and multiple hold buffers, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The Having multiple hold buffers can provide better isolation between slices, and can reduce design requirements imposed on the individual hold buffers (with similar benefits as the example seen in FIG. 7). In this particular example, the T/H circuit has a sampling buffer 202, three sampling networks (shown as sampling networks 1202, 1204, and 1206), and three hold buffers (shown as Buffer-2 1208, Buffer-2 1210, and Buffer-2 1212). Each sampling network has a dedicated hold buffer to drive the ADC which follows the hold buffer. The hold buffers (Buffer-2 1208, Buffer-2 1210, and Buffer-2 1212) receive respective held signals from sampling networks (shown as sampling networks 1202, 1204, and 1206). With a dedicated hold buffer, the sampling networks can avoid having an output switch, if desired. Each one of the hold buffers can generate a respective output signal (shown as V_(s-h1), V_(s-h2), and V_(s-h3)) and drive a respective ADC.

For this particular example shown, two sampling networks can be randomly selected to be the next sampling network to sample the input to randomize mismatch errors between the sampling networks. The circuit design shown in FIG. 12 can be extended to higher number of sampling networks, each with a dedicated hold buffer.

One caveat of the randomized time-interleaving design illustrated by FIG. 12 having multiple dedicated hold buffers is that each dedicated hold buffer would have to drive M ADC slices, which can consume more power than a T/H circuit which performs sequential time-interleaving (where the dedicated hold buffer would only need to drive a fraction of the M ADC slices).

Track and Hold Circuits with Chopping

In addition to injecting additive dither, the T/H circuit can randomly chop the input signal by randomly changing polarities based on a pseudo-random code “PN”. In other words, the T/H circuit can have multiplicative dither injected, where the dither can be a +1 or −1, as chosen by the code PN. FIG. 13A illustrates a T/H circuit 1300 with chopping to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. A chopper 1302 performing a chopping function can be integrated with a switch in the sampling network, such as the input switch, or the output switch. To illustrate, the chopper 1302 is added to the embodiment seen in FIG. 5. The chopper 1302 can be added to other sampling networks described herein. While the chopper 1302 in this example seen in FIG. 13A is added/integrated with the output switch (e.g., output switch 506), it is envisioned that the chopper can be added/integrated with the input switch (e.g., input switch 504). The chopper 1302 can be integrated with the output switch (e.g., output switch 506) to inject the multiplicative dither.

FIG. 13B illustrates integrating the chopper 1302 with a switch in the sampling network, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Mathematically, the chopper 1302 multiplies the signal with a dither represented by −1^(PN), where PN is a pseudo-random code. For illustration, on the left hand side of FIG. 13B, an output switch S2 associated with phase ϕ2_bst is shown, followed with a chopping function represented by chopper 1302. This chopping function can be achieved in a differential circuit implementation seen on the right hand side of FIG. 13B. In a differential circuit, the node V1 on the left hand side of FIG. 13B is represented by differential nodes V1 p and V1 n respectively on the right hand side of FIG. 13B. The node V2 on the left hand side of FIG. 13B is represented by differential nodes V2 p and V2 n respectively on the right hand side of FIG. 13B. The circuit seen on the right hand side of FIG. 13B has straight forward paths and crisscross paths. The switches in these paths enables random switching between the straight forward paths and crisscross paths. The straight forward paths with switches associated with ϕ2_bst*PN allows the differential signal at nodes V1 p and V1 n to pass straight through to nodes V2 p and V2 n respectively. The crisscross paths with switches associated with ϕ2_bst*PN′ (where PN′ is the inverted PN) invert the differential signal at nodes V1 p and V1 n and pass the differential signal to nodes V2 n and V2 p respectively. In other words, the multiplicative dither PN can randomly swap positive and negative input paths. By randomly swap positive and negative input paths, the circuit seen in the right hand side of FIG. 13B effectively implements the chopping function and multiplies the signal by +1 or −1 randomly.

By randomly swapping the positive and negative input paths, the DC (direct current) component of the input signal can be randomized, making it easier to calibrate for any offset mismatches between the different slices. The chopping function can be implemented with the input switch of the sampling network, which can randomly invert the signal in the sampling phase. The chopping function can be implemented with the output switch, which can randomly invert the signal in the hold phase. In some cases, the chopping function can be implemented with both the input switch and the output switch using different PN codes.

FIG. 14 illustrates another exemplary T/H circuit 1400 with chopping to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. A chopper 1402 performing a chopping function can be integrated with a switch in the sampling network, such as the input switch, or the output switch. To illustrate, the chopper 1402 is added to the embodiment seen in FIG. 6. The chopper 1402 can be added to other sampling networks described herein. While the chopper 1402 in this example seen in FIG. 14 is added/integrated with the output switch (e.g., output switch 610), it is envisioned that the chopper can be added/integrated with the input switch (e.g., input switch 604). The chopper 1402 can be integrated with the output switch (e.g., output switch 506) to inject the multiplicative dither.

FIG. 15 shows an exemplary T/H circuit 1500 with multiple sampling networks with chopping added to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Chopping is added to the exemplary T/H circuit 1100 of FIG. 11. Specifically, as an example, the chopping function is integrated with the output switches labeled S2 associated with ϕ1_bst, ϕ2_bst, and ϕ12_bst. In the alternative, the chopping function can be integrated with the input switches labeled S1 associated with ϕ2_btst, ϕ1_btst, and ϕ21_btst. The former has the additional advantage that the chopper can be calibrated by the additive dither if desired. This chopping can then be reapplied on the digital side after offset calibration to restore the original signal.

FIG. 16 shows another exemplary T/H circuit 1600 with multiple sampling networks with chopping added to inject a multiplicative dither, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Specifically, as an example, the chopping function is integrated with the output switches labeled S2 associated with ϕ1_bst, ϕ2_bst, and ϕ12_bst. In the alternative, the chopping function can be integrated with the input switches labeled S1 associated with ϕ2_btst, ϕ1_btst, and ϕ21_btst. The former has the additional advantage that the chopper can be calibrated by the additive dither if desired. This chopping can then be reapplied on the digital side after offset calibration to restore the original signal.

Chopping can be useful for offset mismatch calibration, where the chopping function can converts any input offset and/or signals at problematic frequencies (such as f_(s)/M, and f_(s)/2M, where M is the number of slices) into noise, e.g., so as to not impact the offset convergence and removal of the offset. Chopping can also help with even-order distortions or to reduce even-order harmonics in the signal path. It is understood that while the chopping function can be integrated with a switch that is in the sampling network, it is possible to include/integrate a chopper at any point in the signal path, such as at the output of Buffer-1 202.

Handling Output Routing Parasitics and Load on the Track and Hold Circuit

Driving M ADC slices is not trivial. Suitable switches and switching scheme can address parasitics and loading effects on the T/H circuit. Consider driving 8 ADC slices in the following example. FIG. 17A shows an exemplary T/H circuit driving 8 slices, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. For each signal path from the T/H circuit to an ADC slice, two serial switches are implemented to manage the parasitics and load on the track and hold circuit. The first set of switches are labeled “SW-A”, and they are positioned close to the output of Buffer-2. The second set of switches are labeled “SW-B”, and they are positioned close to the input of the ADC slices. A SW-A switch, when on or closed, couples an output of the Buffer-2 206 to a SW-B switch (or transmits/conducts the signal from the output of the Buffer-2 206) to a terminal of the SW-B switch). The SW-B switch, when on or closed, couples the SW-A switch to an input of an ADC slice (or transmits/conducts a signal at a terminal of the SW-A switch to the input of the ADC slice). The two serial switches, SW-A and SW-B, can be separated by a transmission line or wire of a certain length for routing the buffered signal from Buffer-2 206 to the respective ADC slices.

A timing diagram in FIG. 17B illustrates the timing of a SW-A switch and a SW-B switch for a particular ADC slice when the ADC slice is selected to perform conversion. The SW-A switch, whose timing is illustrated in the timing diagram in FIG. 17B, is turned on quickly and turned off quickly at the fast rate of f_(s) (the overall sampling frequency of the data converter). In other words, the SW-A switch is turned on with a short pulse, since the SW-A switch hands off data from the fast (full-speed) T/H circuit to a slow ADC slice. The SW-B switch, whose timing is also illustrated in the timing diagram above, can operate at a slower speed. A SW-B switch can be on before SW-A switch is turned on, and can turn off at the same time or just after SW-A switch is turned off. The switches can be simple transmission gates (not bootstrapped switches), thus the penalty of having both switches is not significant.

The SW-A switch is placed close (in layout) to the T/H circuit, and can help minimize the parasitic loading effect on the Buffer-2 caused by the slices which are not connected to the T/H circuit. Since the SW-A switch is not close to the ADC slice, the load on the ADC slice is left unaddressed in the absence of the SW-B switch. The SW-B switch is placed close (in layout) to the ADC slice, and can help reduce the load on the T/H circuit by connecting the T/H circuit to one ADC slice at a time. SW-B minimizes the routing seen by the ADC slice and the T/H circuit when resetting. Therefore, SW-B can minimize the parasitics needed for resetting this node when it is not being used. By using two serial switches and proper timing, SW-A and SW-B switches ensure that whenever a selected ADC slice is connected to the T/H circuit to receive a held sample, only the parasitics of the selected ADC slice is loading the Buffer-2 206 of the T/H circuit (all the other ADC slices are disconnected from the Buffer-2 206). Together, the SW-A and the SW-B switch can help reduce routing parasitics load on the T/H circuit and on the selected ADC slice.

It is preferable to use both SW-A and SW-B switches for each signal path from the T/H circuit to the ADC slice. It is envisioned that one of the two switches can be omitted, in some less preferred embodiments. For instance, in some cases, only the SW-A switches are provided, while the SW-B switches are omitted.

Addressing Common Memory in Time-Interleaved Sampling Networks

When parallel sampling networks are time-interleaved, some common memory at a global input node of the sampling networks can be present between a hold phase to a sample phase. This common memory can be seen by all of the sampling networks, and this common memory is not the same as the memory within the sampling capacitor(s) addressed by adding a reset phase. To address the common memory issue, clock signals driving the switches in the sampling network can overlap to allow for to allow for brief resetting of the global input node.

The overlap in the clock signals is between the bottom plate sampling switch, and the dither injection switch and the output switch (labeled “S2”). It can be that the output switch closes before the bottom plate sampling switch is opened, or the bottom plate sampling switch closes before the output switch is opened. The latter case is preferred, because the former case can impact the sampled value on the cap, but both are viable.

Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, the overlapping would occur between clock signals associated with phase ϕ1/ϕ1_bst (including the dither injection switch and the output switch), and ϕ2 a (including the bottom plate sampling switch) for the top sampling network. Overlapping would also occur between clock signals associated with phase ϕ2/ϕ2_bst (including the dither injection switch and the output switch), and ϕ1 a (including the bottom plate sampling switch) for the middle sampling network. The overlapping would occur between clock signals associated with phase ϕ12/ϕ12_bst (including the dither injection switch and the output switch), and ϕ21 a (including the bottom plate sampling switch) for the bottom sampling network as well.

Focusing on the top sampling network as an example, the overlap can mean that either (1) ϕ1/ϕ1_bst close the dither injection switch and output switch before ϕ2 a opens the bottom plate sampling switch, or (2) ϕ2 a closes the bottom plate sampling switch before ϕ1/ϕ1_bst open the dither injection switch and output switch. The latter is again better, because the former would possibly negatively impact the sample before it is taken. But both are viable.

Phrased differently, the overlap preferably happens at the end of the hold phase and beginning of sampling phase (when the bottom plate sampling switch closes), and is less preferred at the end of the sampling phase and beginning of the hold phase (when the dither injection switch and the output switch close). This overlap can help reset this global input node to reduce the common memory that is seen by all tracks.

Flexible Architecture

The design and implementation of the T/H circuit can be varied to accommodate different functionalities and features. The number of sampling networks, the number of hold buffers, and the number of ADC slices that a hold buffer is driving, can all vary.

As discussed previously, the T/H circuit can include one or more sampling networks in parallel. The number of sampling networks within the T/H circuit can vary depending on the design. For instance, the number can be chosen based on the interleaving factor and amount of randomization. For example, a T/H circuit can have one sampling network and one hold buffer (e.g., FIGS. 2-6). In another example, a T/H circuit can have one sampling network and X number of hold buffers (e.g., FIG. 7). X is at least two. In yet another example, a T/H circuit can have X number of sampling networks and one hold buffer (e.g., FIGS. 8A, 9-11, 15, 16, and 17A). In a further example, a T/H circuit can have X number of sampling networks and X number of hold buffers (e.g., FIG. 12).

Also, the T/H circuit can include one or more hold buffers. In some cases, there is one buffer to one sampling network. For example, the T/H circuit can have one sampling network, and the sampling network drives one hold buffer (e.g., FIGS. 2-6). In another example, the T/H circuit can have X number of sampling networks and X number of hold buffers (e.g., FIG. 12). In some cases, there is multiple buffers to one sampling network. For example, the T/H circuit can have one sampling network, and X number of hold buffers (e.g., FIG. 7). In another example, the T/H circuit can have X number of sampling networks, and X*N number of hold buffers. N is at least two, representing the number of hold buffers per sampling network. If a T/H circuit has four sampling networks, there can be eight hold buffers in total, with two hold buffers per sampling network. In yet another example, the T/H circuit can have X number of sampling networks, and Y number of hold buffers, where Y is greater than X. Each sampling network can drive one or more hold buffers (where the number of hold buffers for each sampling network may not be the same).

Furthermore, the T/H circuit can drive one or more ADC slices. The ADC slices can operate in parallel, and in some cases, the ADC slices can operate in a time-interleaved or a randomized time-interleaved manner. For example, a T/H circuit can drive one ADC slice. In another example, the T/H circuit can drive M ADC slices (e.g., FIGS. 1 and 17A). M is at least two, representing the number of ADC slices of the overall ADC. If the T/H circuit has one hold buffer, the hold buffer can drive all M ADC slices (e.g., FIG. 17A). If the T/H circuit has M number of hold buffers, several variations are available. In a first example, each hold buffer can drive a respective ADC slice. In a second example, each hold buffer can drive all M ADC slices. In a third example, each hold buffer can drive only a subset or fraction of M ADC slices. If the T/H circuit has N number of hold buffers, where N is less than M, several variations are also available. In a first example, each hold buffer can drive all M ADC slices. In one instance of the first example, a T/H circuit can have four sampling networks, and one hold buffer. The hold buffer can drive a total and all of 8 ADC slices. In a second example, each hold buffer can drive a subset or fraction of M ADC slices. In one instance of the second example, the T/H circuit can have four sampling networks, and four hold buffers (each hold buffer coupled to a corresponding sampling network). Each hold buffer can drive two ADC slices. The overall T/H circuit can drive a total of 8 ADC slices.

Method for Sampling with Calibration

FIG. 18 shows a flow diagram illustrating a method for sampling an input signal with calibration, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. In 1802, an input signal is buffered. In 1804, during a first phase, the buffered input signal is sampled onto a capacitor in a sampling network. In 1806, during a second phase, an additive dither signal is injected to the capacitor in the sampling network and outputting a held signal having an input signal sampled on the capacitor and the additive dither signal. In 1808, the held signal is buffered to generate a buffered signal for driving one or more analog-to-digital converters.

Reconfigurable High-Speed and Interleaved-ADCs.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to enable reconfigurable ADC structures. The reconfigurability may be done through the serial peripheral interface (SPI), or some other interface, and hence may be programmable by user. Alternatively, the reconfigurability may be done through metal changes. In this embodiment, the ADC may be reconfigured into a single-input ADC or multi-input ADCs at lower rates.

More generally, given the relatively large number of communication applications, standards, bands, platforms, and variants, there may be a need for flexibility that enables the customer to use the same die (product) in multiple platforms with different configurations, in terms of bandwidth, sample rate, performance, and number of channels. This flexibility may reduce cost and development time for the customer and may off significant competitive advantages.

An example of the reconfigurability of the ADC into multi-input variants may be seen in FIGS. 19-23. In legacy systems, achieving such reconfigurability may have required metal changes or through-switches that were connected to the input RF signals. However, these changes or switches may degrade the distortion or bandwidth of the system if the number of channels or switches is relatively large. Practically, if possible, such switch-based programmability may be limited to a small number of variants (e.g., 2 variants). Since handling the RF (high-frequency and continuous-time) signal and minimizing its distortion are generally challenging problems in an RF converter, moving these reconfigurability switches to another point in the signal path after sampling had occurred, and hence in the discrete-time domain, may be desirable. Alternatively, if the switching is done to the RF signal, then a small number of channels or switches could be desirable as well.

FIG. 19 depicts a high-level example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 19 depicts an example of where switching points may be in the track and hold circuit, which may be utilized for reconfigurability.

The input RF switches (e.g., in Zone 1 1903), may involve a relatively small number of tracks, and hence using the switching point at Zone 1 1903 may have a relatively small impact on bandwidth and distortion. In addition to the input RF bootstrapped switches, there may be two sets of switches that are based on simple transmission gates and that handle “held” signals instead of RF signals. These switches may be at Zones 2 and 3 (1904 and 1908, respectively). As such, their parasitics may impact the sampling rate and attenuation of the structure, but not the RF bandwidth or distortion. In addition, the hold-phase buffers at Zone 4 1906 may be powered off, and hence add another switching point. By utilizing more switching points, more configurations and variants may be covered by the same silicon that what can be accomplished using traditional structures.

FIG. 20 depicts a more detailed example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The circuit may include switching zones like Zone 1 2003, Zone 2 2004, and Zone 3 2008, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, Zones 1, 2, and 3 1903/1904/1908. The circuit may also include a number of input buffers such as buffers 2002 a, 2002 b, and 2002 c, which may each be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, Buffer-1 202. The circuit may also include a number of sampling networks such as sampling networks 2010 a, 2010 b, 2010 c, etc. The sampling networks 2010 a/ 2010 b/ 2010 c may be similar to sampling networks such as sampling networks 1102/1104/1106/1202/1204/1206/etc., or some other sampling network described herein. It will be understood that although only three sampling networks are specifically enumerated in FIG. 20, FIG. 20 may be seen to include five distinct sampling networks. The circuit of FIG. 20 may further include a number of switches such as switches 2009 a and 2009 b. Specifically, the switches 2009 a may be positioned in Zone 2 2004 as depicted.

In some embodiments, the switches 2009 a or 2009 b may be a reconfigurable switch such as a transistor, a diode, or some other type of switch. The reconfigurable switch may allow for routing of the signal through identical metal layers of the substrate (e.g., through traces, microstrips, striplines, pads, vias, etc. that are shared between two or more signal pathways). In other embodiments, the switches 2009 a or 2009 b may be reconfigurable switches that allow for routing of the signal through different metal layers of the substrate. That is, the switches may shunt the signal between two different metal layers of the substrate, dependent on the signal pathway that is desired. In this embodiment, different signal pathways may not share all or part of the same metal layers as one another.

In operation, the circuit of FIG. 20 may allow for reconfigurable operation of a track and hold circuit with a different number of ADC slices. For example, if switches 2009 a and 2009 b are open, then the circuit may be operated as a dual ADC (with two inputs) each driving a single track and hold circuit with four sub-ADC slices. For example, a signal may be input at buffers 2002 a and 2002 b. The input at buffer 2002 a may proceed through sampling network 2010 a to ADC slices 1-4. Similarly, the input at buffer 2002 c may proceed through sampling network 2010 c to ADC slices 1-8.

However, if the switches 2009 a and 2009 b are closed, then the circuit may alternatively operate as a single input driving a 3-track track and hold circuit with 8 sub-ADCs. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2002 b, where it may proceed through the three depicted sampling networks (e.g., sampling network 2010 b and the two un-enumerated sampling networks). The signal may then proceed to the either depict ADC slices 1-8.

It will be understood that, as used herein, “open” refers to a state of a switch wherein a signal is not able to pass through the switch. By contrast, a “closed” switch is a switch that allows for a signal to traverse from one side of the switch to the other.

FIG. 21 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The circuit may include a number of switching zones such as Zone 1 2103, Zone 2 2104, and Zone 3 2108, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, zones 1903, 1904, and 1908. The circuit may further include a number of input buffers 2102 a, 2102 b, and 2102 c, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, input buffers 2002 a, 2002 b, and 2002 c. The circuit may further include a number of switches 2109 a, 2109 b, and 2109 c, which may each be similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, switches 2009 a or 2009 b. As may be seen, the switches 2109 a-c maybe located in Zone 3 2108 of the circuit. It will be understood that rather than a single switch (e.g., single switch 2009 a or 2009 b), each of the elements designated as switches 2109 a-c may include a plurality of switches as shown in FIG. 21.

Operation of the circuit of FIG. 21 may be similar to the operation of the circuit of FIG. 20, described above. Specifically, if the switches 2109 b are open, and the switches 2109 a and 2109 c are closed, then the circuit may be configured to operate as a dual ADC (with two inputs) each driving a single track and hold circuit with four sub-ADC slices. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2102 a where it may traverse the circuit to be processed as ADC slices 1-4. Similarly, a signal may be input at buffer 2102 c where it may traverse the circuit to be processed at ADC slices 5-8.

Additionally, if switches 2109 a and 2109 c are open, and switches 2109 b are closed, then the circuit may alternatively operate as a single input driving a 3-track track and hold circuit with 8 sub-ADCs. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2102 b where it may traverse the circuit and be processed by ADC slices 1-8.

FIG. 22 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The circuit may include a number of switching zones such as Zone 1 2203, Zone 2 2204, and Zone 3 2208, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, zones 1903, 1904, and 1908. The circuit may further include a number of input buffers 2202 a, 2202 b, and 2202 c, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, input buffers 2002 a, 2002 b, and 2002 c. The circuit may further include a number of switches 2209 a, 2209 b, and 2209 c, which may each be similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, switches 2009 a or 2009 b. As may be seen, the switches 2209 a-c maybe located in Zone 3 2208 of the circuit. It will be understood that rather than a single switch (e.g., single switch 2009 a or 2009 b), the element designated as switches 2209 b may include a plurality of switches as shown in FIG. 22.

Operation of the circuit of FIG. 22 may be similar to the operation of the circuit of FIG. 20, described above. Specifically, if the switches 2209 b are open, and the switches 2209 a and 2209 c are closed, then the circuit may be configured to operate as a dual ADC (with two inputs) each driving a single track and hold circuit with four sub-ADC slices. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2202 a where it may traverse the circuit to be processed as ADC slices 1-4. Similarly, a signal may be input at buffer 2202 c where it may traverse the circuit to be processed at ADC slices 5-8.

Additionally, if switches 2209 a and 2209 c are open, and switches 2209 b are closed, then the circuit may alternatively operate as a single input driving a 3-track track and hold circuit with 8 sub-ADCs. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2202 b where it may traverse the circuit and be processed by ADC slices 1-8.

FIG. 23 depicts an alternative example of a track and hold circuit with multiple switching points, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. The circuit may include a number of switching zones such as Zone 1 2303, Zone 2 2304, and Zone 3 2308, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, zones 1903, 1904, and 1908. The circuit may further include a number of input buffers 2302 a, 2302 b, and 2302 c, which may be respectively similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, input buffers 2002 a, 2002 b, and 2002 c. The circuit may further include a number of switches 2309 a, 2309 b, 2309 c, and 2309 d, which may each be similar to, and share one or more characteristics with, switches 2009 a or 2009 b. As may be seen, switches 2309 a and 2309 b may be located in Zone 1 2303. Switches 2309 c and 2309 d may be located in Zone 2 2304.

Operation of the circuit of FIG. 23 may be similar to the operation of the circuit of FIG. 20, described above. Specifically, if the switches 2309 a-d are open, then the circuit may be configured to operate as a dual ADC (with two inputs) each driving a single track and hold circuit with four sub-ADC slices. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2302 a where it may traverse the circuit to be processed as ADC slices 1-4. Similarly, a signal may be input at buffer 2302 c where it may traverse the circuit to be processed at ADC slices 5-8.

Additionally, if switches 2309 a-d are closed, then the circuit may alternatively operate as a single input driving a 3-track track and hold circuit with 8 sub-ADCs. Specifically, a signal may be input at buffer 2302 b where it may traverse the circuit and be processed by ADC slices 1-8.

It will be understood that the above-described embodiments are example embodiments, and other embodiments may differ in one or more ways. For example, embodiments that include a plurality of switches may only include a single switch in a different location that accomplishes a similar purpose to the plurality of switches. Similarly, an element that is depicted as a single switch may, in other embodiments, include a plurality of switches. In some embodiments the switches may be in a different location than depicted. Other embodiments may vary.

FIGS. 24 and 25 depict example timing diagrams that may be related to operation of the track and hold circuits of FIGS. 19-23. Specifically, FIG. 24 depicts an example timing diagram of a full-speed track and hold circuit, according to some embodiments of the disclosure. FIG. 25 depicts an example timing diagram of two half-speed track and hold circuits, according to some embodiments of the disclosure.

Specifically, FIG. 24 depicts an example timing diagram of a full-speed track and hold circuit using a ping-ponged sampling networks driving 8 interleaved ADC slices. In this embodiment, the full sample rate (f_(s)) may be on the order of 1/T_(s) where T_(s) is the sampling period. In the diagram, “S” may stand for the sample phase of a particular ADC slices, and “H” may stand for the hold phase for that particular ADC slice. Generally, the diagram of FIG. 24 may correspond to configurations wherein the circuit of one of FIGS. 19-23 is operating as a single input driving a 3-track track and hold circuit with 8 sub-ADCs. As a particular example, FIG. 24 may correspond to the circuit of FIG. 20 when the signal is input at buffer 2002 b and switches 2009 a and 2009 b are closed. Similarly, FIG. 24 may correspond to the circuit of FIG. 21 when the signal is input at buffer 2102 b, switches 2109 b are closed, and switches 2109 a and 2109 c are open. FIG. 24 may likewise correspond to similar configurations of other embodiments herein.

FIG. 25 depicts an example timing diagram of two half-speed track and hold circuits each using a sampling network driving 4 interleaved ADC slices. In this embodiment, the sample rate may be half of the sample rate of FIG. 24, so the sampling rate (f_(s)′) may be on the order of f_(s)/2, or ½T_(s). Similarly to FIG. 24, “S” may stand for the sample phase of a given ADC slice. “H” may stand for the hold phase of the given ADC slice. Generally, the diagram of FIG. 25 may correspond to configurations wherein the circuit of one of FIGS. 19-23 is operating as a dual ADC (with two inputs) each driving a single track and hold circuit with four sub-ADC slices. As a particular example, FIG. 25 may correspond to the circuit of FIG. 20 when the signal is input at buffers 2002 a and 2002 c, and switches 2009 a and 2009 b are open. Similarly, FIG. 25 may correspond to the circuit of FIG. 21 when the signal is input at buffers 2102 a and 2102 c, switches 2109 a and 2109 c are closed, and switch 2109 b is open. FIG. 25 may likewise correspond to similar configurations of other embodiments herein.

It will be understood that the timing diagrams of FIGS. 24 and 25 are particular examples of certain embodiments, and other embodiments may vary in terms of specific timing relationships, the number of timing elements that are being controlled, etc.

EXAMPLES

Example 1001 is track and hold circuit comprising a sampling buffer, a sampling network receiving a buffered input from the sampling buffer, and a hold buffer receiving a held signal from the sampling network.

In Example 1002, the track and hold circuit of Example 1001 can further the sampling network comprising a node for receiving an additive dither.

In Example 1003, the track and hold circuit of Example 1001 or 1002 can further include a chopper integrated with the sampling network.

In Example 1004, the track and hold circuit of any one of Examples 1001-1003 can further include one or more further sampling networks in parallel.

In Example 1005, the track and hold circuit of Example 1004 can further include the sampling networks sampling the buffered input from the sampling buffer in a time-interleaved manner.

In Example 1006, the track and hold circuit of Example 1004 or 1005 can further include the sampling networks sampling the buffered input from the sampling buffer in a randomized time-interleaved manner.

In Example 1007, the track and hold circuit of any one of Examples 1004-1006 can further include the sampling networks being configurable to sample the buffered input in different modes.

In Example 1008, the track and hold circuit of any one of Examples 1001-1007 can further include one or more further hold buffers.

In Example 1009, the track and hold circuit of any one of Examples 1004-1007 can further include one or more further hold buffers each dedicated to each sampling network.

Example 101 is a method comprising: buffering an input signal; during a sampling phase, sampling the buffered input signal onto a capacitor; and during a hold phase, connecting a node having a dither signal to the capacitor to output a held signal having the dither signal; buffering the held signal.

In Example 102, the method of Example 101 can further include randomly chopping the held signal prior to buffering the held signal.

In Example 103, the method of Example 101 or 102 can further include driving a plurality of ADCs which are operating in a time-interleaved manner.

In Example 104, the method of any one of Examples 101-103 can further include calibrating, based on the additive dither, one or more of the following non-idealities: non-linearity of the hold phase of the track and hold circuit, non-linearity of one or more analog-to-digital converters being driven by the track and hold circuit, gain mismatch between a plurality of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters being driven by the track and hold circuit, offset mismatch between the plurality of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters.

In Example 105, the method of any one of Examples 101-104 can further include calibrating, based on the multiplicative dither, offset mismatch between a plurality of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters being driven by the track and hold circuit.

Example A is an apparatus comprising means for implementing/carrying out any one of the methods described herein.

Example 1 is a low-power track and hold circuit, the track and hold circuit comprising: a sampling buffer; a sampling network, with dither injection, to receive a buffered input from the sampling buffer; and a hold buffer to receive a held signal from the sampling network. The sampling buffer and/or the hold buffer can be omitted in some cases.

In Example 2, Example 1 can optionally include the sampling network comprising a node to receive an additive dither.

In Example 3, Example 1 or 2 can optionally include a chopper integrated with the sampling network to inject a multiplicative dither.

In Example 4, any one of Examples 1-3 can optionally include the sampling network comprising a switched-capacitor network to sample the buffered input from the sampling buffer onto one or more capacitors.

In Example 5, any one of Examples 1-4 can optionally include the hold buffer (and/or the sampling buffer) comprising a variable gain amplifier. In some cases, a variable gain amplifier is added in front of the track and hold circuit.

In Example 6, Examples 5 can optionally include a signal level detector to detect an overload condition and generate a gain control signal of the variable gain amplifier.

In Example 7, any one of Examples 2-6 can optionally include the sampling network comprising: an input switch to receive the buffered input from the sampling buffer; a sampling switch to sample the buffered input onto a capacitor during a sampling phase; and a dither injection switch to connect the capacitor to a node having the additive dither.

In Example 8, any one of Examples 1-7 can optionally include the sampling network further comprising an output switch to connect a capacitor in the sampling network to the hold buffer during a hold phase.

In Example 9, any one of Examples 1-8 can optionally include one or more further hold buffers in parallel with the hold buffer to receive the held signal from the sampling network, wherein the hold buffer and the one or more further hold buffers drive respective analog-to-digital converters.

In Example 10, any one of Examples 1-9 can optionally include one or more further sampling networks in parallel with the sampling network, wherein the sampling network and the one or more further sampling networks sample the buffered input from the sampling buffer in a time-interleaved manner.

In Example 11, any one of Examples 1-10 can optionally include one or more further sampling networks in parallel with the sampling network, wherein the sampling network and the one or more further sampling networks sample the buffered input from the sampling buffer in a randomized time-interleaved manner.

In Example 12, any one of Examples 1-11 can optionally include the sampling network and the one or more further sampling networks being configurable to sample the buffered input in different modes.

In Example 13, any one of Examples 10-12 can optionally include one or more further hold buffers in parallel with the hold buffer, wherein the one or more further hold buffers receive one or more respective held signals from the one or more further sampling networks.

In Example 14, any one of Examples 1-13 can optionally include two serial switches including a first switch in series with a second switch, wherein the first switch couples an output of the hold buffer to the second switch, the second switch couples the first switch to an input of a first one of a plurality of analog-to-digital converters, and the second switch operates at a slower speed than the first switch.

Example 15 is a method for sampling an input signal with calibration, the method comprising: buffering an input signal; during a first phase, sampling the buffered input signal onto a capacitor in a sampling network; during a second phase, injecting an additive dither signal to the capacitor in the sampling network and outputting a held signal having an input signal sampled on the capacitor and the additive dither signal; and buffering the held signal to generate a buffered signal for driving one or more analog-to-digital converters.

In Example 16, Example 15 can optionally include randomly chopping a signal in the sampling network based on a multiplicative dither.

In Example 17, Example 15 or 16 can optionally include the one or more analog-to-digital converters comprising time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters.

In Example 18, any one of Examples 15-17 can optionally include interleaving a further sampling network to sample the buffered input signal during the second phase.

In Example 19, Example 18 can optionally include the further sampling network being selected at random from a plurality of available sampling networks.

Example 20 is a time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter with calibration, the time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter comprising: a plurality of analog-to-digital converters operating in a time-interleaved fashion; and an open loop track and hold circuit operating at a full-speed of the time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter and driving the plurality of analog-to-digital converters, wherein the open loop track and hold circuit comprises at least one buffer and a sampling network with dither injection.

Example 21 includes a track and hold circuit comprising: a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) slices; a first signal pathway that includes a first sampling network, wherein the first signal pathway is selectively couplable to the plurality of ADC slices by a first switch; and a second signal pathway that includes a second sampling network, wherein the second signal pathway is selectively couplable to a portion of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the portion is a number of ADC slices that is less than a number of the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 22 includes the track and hold circuit of example 21, further comprising a third signal pathway that includes a third sampling network, wherein the third signal pathway is selectively couplable to a second portion of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the second portion is different than the first portion.

Example 23 includes the track and hold circuit of example 21, wherein the first signal pathway includes a first buffer that is between the first sampling network and an input to the track and hold circuit

Example 24 includes the track and hold circuit of example 23, wherein the second signal pathway includes a second buffer that is between the second sampling network and the input to the track and hold circuit.

Example 25 includes the track and hold circuit of any of examples 21-24, further comprising a second switch that is to selectively couple the second sampling network to the portion of the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 26 includes the track and hold circuit of any of examples 21-24, wherein the switch is between the first sampling network and an input to the track and hold circuit.

Example 27 includes the track and hold circuit of any of examples 21-24, further comprising a buffer between the first signal pathway and the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 28 includes the track and hold circuit of example 27, wherein the switch is between the first sampling network and the buffer.

Example 29 includes the track and hold circuit of example 27, wherein the switch is between the buffer and the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 30 includes a method of forming a track and hold circuit, wherein the method comprises: coupling a first input buffer to an input of the track and hold circuit; coupling, by a first switch, a first signal pathway to a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) slices, wherein the first signal pathway includes a first sampling network communicatively between the first input buffer and the plurality of ADC slices; and coupling, by a second switch, a second signal pathway to a first subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the second signal pathway includes a second sampling network.

Example 31 includes the method of example 30, further comprising coupling a second input buffer communicatively between the input of the track and hold circuit and an input of the second signal pathway.

Example 32 includes the method of example 30, further comprising coupling, by a third switch, a third signal pathway to a second subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the third signal pathway includes a third sampling network.

Example 33 includes the method of example 32, wherein the second subset of the plurality of ADC slices is less than the plurality of ADC slices, and is different than the first subset of the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 34 includes the method of any of examples 30-33, further comprising coupling a second input buffer between the input of the track and hold circuit and the second signal pathway.

Example 35 includes an electronic device comprising: a signal input; a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) slices; a first signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the first signal pathway includes a first sampling network and a first input buffer; and a second signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and a subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the second signal pathway includes a second sampling network and a second input buffer; wherein the subset of the plurality of ADC slices includes a number of ADC slices that is less than a number of the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 36 includes the electronic device of example 35, further comprising a third signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and a second subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the third signal pathway includes a third sampling network and a third input buffer.

Example 37 includes the electronic device of examples 35 or 36, further comprising: a first switch to communicatively couple the first sampling network to the plurality of ADC slices; and a second switch to communicatively coupled the second sampling network to the subset of the plurality of ADC slices.

Example 38 includes the electronic device of example 37, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the signal input.

Example 39 includes the electronic device of example 37, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the first input buffer.

Example 40 includes the electronic device of example 37, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the plurality of ADC slices.

Variations and Implementations

Herein, switches represents electronic circuitry which can be controlled to conduct a signal (e.g., current) or not conduct the signal (e.g., current). In practice, switches can be implemented using transistors. By biasing the transistors appropriately, the transistor can conduct current or not conduct current (be “on” or “off” respectively). When the switch is closed or “on”, current conducts to complete the circuit path. When a switch is opened or “off”, current does not conduct and the circuit path is open. Switches can effectively connect/couple one part of a circuit to another part of a circuit, or disconnect/decouple one part of a circuit to another part of a circuit.

Note that the activities discussed above with reference to the FIGURES are applicable to any integrated circuits that involve processing analog signals and converting the analog signals into digital data using one or more ADCs. In certain contexts, the features discussed herein related to ADCs in general, including, e.g., ADCs of various flavors including pipeline ADCs, delta sigma ADCs, successive approximation register ADCs, multi-stage ADCs, time-interleaved ADCs, randomized time-interleaved ADCs, etc. The features can be particularly beneficial to high speed ADCs, where input frequencies are relatively high in the giga-hertz range. The ADC can be applicable to medical systems, scientific instrumentation, wireless and wired communications systems (especially systems requiring a high sampling rate), radar, industrial process control, audio and video equipment, instrumentation, and other systems which uses ADCs. The level of performance offered by high speed ADCs can be particularly beneficial to products and systems in demanding markets such as high speed communications, medical imaging, synthetic aperture radar, digital beam-forming communication systems, broadband communication systems, high performance imaging, and advanced test/measurement systems (oscilloscopes).

The present disclosure encompasses apparatuses which can perform extraction and calibration of non-idealities described herein. Parts of various apparatuses can include electronic circuitry to perform the functions described herein. The circuitry can operate in analog domain, digital domain, or in a mixed-signal domain. In some cases, one or more parts of the apparatus can be provided by a processor specially configured for carrying out the functions described herein (e.g., control-related functions, timing-related functions). In some cases that processor can be an on-chip processor with the ADC. The processor may include one or more application specific components, or may include programmable logic gates which are configured to carry out the functions describe herein. In some instances, the processor may be configured to carrying out the functions described herein by executing one or more instructions stored on a non-transitory computer medium.

Note that with the numerous examples provided herein, interaction may be described in terms of two, three, four, or more electrical components or parts. However, this has been done for purposes of clarity and example only. It should be appreciated that the system can be consolidated in any suitable manner. Along similar design alternatives, any of the illustrated components, modules, blocks, and elements of the FIGURES may be combined in various possible configurations, all of which are clearly within the broad scope of this Specification. In certain cases, it may be easier to describe one or more of the functionalities of a given set of flows by only referencing a limited number of electrical elements. It should be appreciated that the electrical circuits of the FIGURES and its teachings are readily scalable and can accommodate a large number of components, as well as more complicated/sophisticated arrangements and configurations. Accordingly, the examples provided should not limit the scope or inhibit the broad teachings of the electrical circuits as potentially applied to a myriad of other architectures.

Note that in this Specification, references to various features (e.g., elements, structures, modules, components, steps, operations, characteristics, etc.) included in “one embodiment”, “example embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “another embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “various embodiments”, “other embodiments”, “alternative embodiment”, and the like are intended to mean that any such features are included in one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, but may or may not necessarily be combined in the same embodiments. It is also important to note that the functions described herein illustrate only some of the possible functions that may be executed by, or within, systems/circuits illustrated in the FIGURES. Some of these operations may be deleted or removed where appropriate, or these operations may be modified or changed considerably without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, the timing of these operations may be altered considerably. The preceding operational flows have been offered for purposes of example and discussion. Substantial flexibility is provided by embodiments described herein in that any suitable arrangements, chronologies, configurations, and timing mechanisms may be provided without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. Numerous other changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications may be ascertained to one skilled in the art and it is intended that the present disclosure encompass all such changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications as falling within the scope of the appended claims or examples described herein. Note that all optional features of the apparatus described above may also be implemented with respect to the method or process described herein and specifics in the examples may be used anywhere in one or more embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A track and hold circuit comprising: a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) slices; a first signal pathway that includes a first sampling network, wherein the first signal pathway is selectively couplable to the plurality of ADC slices by a first switch; and a second signal pathway that includes a second sampling network, wherein the second signal pathway is selectively couplable to a portion of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the portion is a number of ADC slices that is less than a number of the plurality of ADC slices.
 2. The track and hold circuit of claim 1, further comprising a third signal pathway that includes a third sampling network, wherein the third signal pathway is selectively couplable to a second portion of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the second portion is different than the first portion.
 3. The track and hold circuit of claim 1, wherein the first signal pathway includes a first buffer that is between the first sampling network and an input to the track and hold circuit
 4. The track and hold circuit of claim 3, wherein the second signal pathway includes a second buffer that is between the second sampling network and the input to the track and hold circuit.
 5. The track and hold circuit of claim 1, further comprising a second switch that is to selectively couple the second sampling network to the portion of the plurality of ADC slices.
 6. The track and hold circuit of claim 1, wherein the switch is between the first sampling network and an input to the track and hold circuit.
 7. The track and hold circuit of claim 1, further comprising a buffer between the first signal pathway and the plurality of ADC slices.
 8. The track and hold circuit of claim 7, wherein the switch is between the first sampling network and the buffer.
 9. The track and hold circuit of claim 7, wherein the switch is between the buffer and the plurality of ADC slices.
 10. An electronic device comprising: a signal input; a plurality of analog-to-digital converter (ADC) slices; a first signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the first signal pathway includes a first sampling network and a first input buffer; and a second signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and a subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the second signal pathway includes a second sampling network and a second input buffer; wherein the subset of the plurality of ADC slices includes a number of ADC slices that is less than a number of the plurality of ADC slices.
 11. The electronic device of claim 10, further comprising a third signal pathway communicatively positioned between the signal input and a second subset of the plurality of ADC slices, wherein the third signal pathway includes a third sampling network and a third input buffer.
 12. The electronic device of claim 10, further comprising: a first switch to communicatively couple the first sampling network to the plurality of ADC slices; and a second switch to communicatively coupled the second sampling network to the subset of the plurality of ADC slices.
 13. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the signal input.
 14. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the first input buffer.
 15. The electronic device of claim 12, wherein the first switch is between the first sampling network and the plurality of ADC slices.
 16. A track and hold circuit comprising: a sampling buffer; a first sampling network to receive a buffered input from the sampling buffer; and a first hold buffer to receive a held signal from the sampling network.
 17. The track and hold circuit of claim 16, wherein the sampling network includes a node that is to receive an additive dither.
 18. The track and hold circuit of claim 16, further comprising a chopper integrated with the sampling network.
 19. The track and hold circuit of claim 16, further comprising a second sampling network in parallel with the first sampling network.
 20. The track and hold circuit of claim 19, wherein the first and second sampling networks are to sample the buffered input from the sampling buffer in a time-interleaved manner. 